Индекс модулей
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__future__
Future statement definitions -
__main__
The environment where top-level code is run. Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``. -
_thread
Low-level threading API.
A
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abc
Abstract base classes according to :pep:`3119`. -
aifc
Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format. -
argparse
Command-line option and argument parsing library. -
array
Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values. -
ast
Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation. -
asynchat
Support for asynchronous command/response protocols. -
asyncio
Asynchronous I/O. -
asyncore
A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services. -
atexit
Register and execute cleanup functions. -
audioop
Manipulate raw audio data.
B
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base64
RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85 -
bdb
Debugger framework. -
binascii
Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. -
binhex
Encode and decode files in binhex4 format. -
bisect
Array bisection algorithms for binary searching. -
builtins
The module that provides the built-in namespace. -
bz2
Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.
C
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calendar
Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program. -
cgi
Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface. -
cgitb
Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts. -
chunk
Module to read IFF chunks. -
cmath
Mathematical functions for complex numbers. -
cmd
Build line-oriented command interpreters. -
code
Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops. -
codecs
Encode and decode data and streams. -
codeop
Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code. -
collections
Container datatypes -
collections.abc
Abstract base classes for containers -
colorsys
Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems. -
compileall
Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree. -
concurrent.futures
Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes. -
configparser
Configuration file parser. -
contextlib
Utilities for with-statement contexts. -
contextvars
Context Variables -
copy
Shallow and deep copy operations. -
copyreg
Register pickle support functions. - cProfile
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crypt
The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. -
csv
Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files. -
ctypes
A foreign function library for Python. -
curses
An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. -
curses.ascii
Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters. -
curses.panel
A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows. -
curses.textpad
Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.
D
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dataclasses
Generate special methods on user-defined classes. -
datetime
Basic date and time types. -
dbm
Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats. -
dbm.dumb
Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface. -
dbm.gnu
GNU's reinterpretation of dbm. -
dbm.ndbm
The standard "database" interface, based on ndbm. -
decimal
Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification. -
difflib
Helpers for computing differences between objects. -
dis
Disassembler for Python bytecode. -
distutils
Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation. -
distutils.archive_util
Utility functions for creating archive files (tarballs, zip files, ...) - distutils.bcppcompiler
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distutils.ccompiler
Abstract CCompiler class -
distutils.cmd
Provides the abstract base class :class:`~distutils.cmd.Command`. This class is subclassed by the modules in the distutils.command subpackage. -
distutils.command
Contains one module for each standard Distutils command. -
distutils.command.bdist
Build a binary installer for a package -
distutils.command.bdist_dumb
Build a "dumb" installer - a simple archive of files -
distutils.command.bdist_msi
Build a binary distribution as a Windows MSI file -
distutils.command.bdist_packager
Abstract base class for packagers -
distutils.command.bdist_rpm
Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM -
distutils.command.build
Build all files of a package -
distutils.command.build_clib
Build any C libraries in a package -
distutils.command.build_ext
Build any extensions in a package -
distutils.command.build_py
Build the .py/.pyc files of a package -
distutils.command.build_scripts
Build the scripts of a package -
distutils.command.check
Check the meta-data of a package -
distutils.command.clean
Clean a package build area -
distutils.command.config
Perform package configuration -
distutils.command.install
Install a package -
distutils.command.install_data
Install data files from a package -
distutils.command.install_headers
Install C/C++ header files from a package -
distutils.command.install_lib
Install library files from a package -
distutils.command.install_scripts
Install script files from a package -
distutils.command.register
Register a module with the Python Package Index -
distutils.command.sdist
Build a source distribution -
distutils.core
The core Distutils functionality - distutils.cygwinccompiler
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distutils.debug
Provides the debug flag for distutils -
distutils.dep_util
Utility functions for simple dependency checking -
distutils.dir_util
Utility functions for operating on directories and directory trees -
distutils.dist
Provides the Distribution class, which represents the module distribution being built/installed/distributed -
distutils.errors
Provides standard distutils exceptions -
distutils.extension
Provides the Extension class, used to describe C/C++ extension modules in setup scripts -
distutils.fancy_getopt
Additional getopt functionality -
distutils.file_util
Utility functions for operating on single files -
distutils.filelist
The FileList class, used for poking about the file system and building lists of files. -
distutils.log
A simple logging mechanism, :pep:`282`-style -
distutils.msvccompiler
Microsoft Compiler -
distutils.spawn
Provides the spawn() function -
distutils.sysconfig
Low-level access to configuration information of the Python interpreter. -
distutils.text_file
Provides the TextFile class, a simple interface to text files -
distutils.unixccompiler
UNIX C Compiler -
distutils.util
Miscellaneous other utility functions -
distutils.version
Implements classes that represent module version numbers. -
doctest
Test pieces of code within docstrings.
E
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email
Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages. -
email.charset
Character Sets -
email.contentmanager
Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts -
email.encoders
Encoders for email message payloads. -
email.errors
The exception classes used by the email package. -
email.generator
Generate flat text email messages from a message structure. -
email.header
Representing non-ASCII headers -
email.headerregistry
Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name -
email.iterators
Iterate over a message object tree. -
email.message
The base class representing email messages. -
email.mime
Build MIME messages. -
email.parser
Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure. -
email.policy
Controlling the parsing and generating of messages -
email.utils
Miscellaneous email package utilities. -
encodings.idna
Internationalized Domain Names implementation -
encodings.mbcs
Windows ANSI codepage -
encodings.utf_8_sig
UTF-8 codec with BOM signature -
ensurepip
Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment. -
enum
Implementation of an enumeration class. -
errno
Standard errno system symbols.
F
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faulthandler
Dump the Python traceback. -
fcntl
The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls. -
filecmp
Compare files efficiently. -
fileinput
Loop over standard input or a list of files. -
fnmatch
Unix shell style filename pattern matching. -
fractions
Rational numbers. -
ftplib
FTP protocol client (requires sockets). -
functools
Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.
G
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gc
Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector. -
getopt
Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names. -
getpass
Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid. -
gettext
Multilingual internationalization services. -
glob
Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion. -
graphlib
Functionality to operate with graph-like structures -
grp
The group database (getgrnam() and friends). -
gzip
Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.
H
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hashlib
Secure hash and message digest algorithms. -
heapq
Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue). -
hmac
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation -
html
Helpers for manipulating HTML. -
html.entities
Definitions of HTML general entities. -
html.parser
A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML. -
http
HTTP status codes and messages -
http.client
HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets). -
http.cookiejar
Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies. -
http.cookies
Support for HTTP state management (cookies). -
http.server
HTTP server and request handlers.
I
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idlelib
Implementation package for the IDLE shell/editor. -
imaplib
IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets). -
imghdr
Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream. -
imp
Access the implementation of the import statement. -
importlib
The implementation of the import machinery. -
importlib.abc
Abstract base classes related to import -
importlib.machinery
Importers and path hooks -
importlib.metadata
The implementation of the importlib metadata. -
importlib.resources
Package resource reading, opening, and access -
importlib.util
Utility code for importers -
inspect
Extract information and source code from live objects. -
io
Core tools for working with streams. -
ipaddress
IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library. -
itertools
Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.
J
K
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keyword
Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.
L
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lib2to3
The 2to3 library -
linecache
Provides random access to individual lines from text files. -
locale
Internationalization services. -
logging
Flexible event logging system for applications. -
logging.config
Configuration of the logging module. -
logging.handlers
Handlers for the logging module. -
lzma
A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.
M
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mailbox
Manipulate mailboxes in various formats -
mailcap
Mailcap file handling. -
marshal
Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints). -
math
Mathematical functions (sin() etc.). -
mimetypes
Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types. -
mmap
Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows. -
modulefinder
Find modules used by a script. -
msilib
Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files. -
msvcrt
Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime. -
multiprocessing
Process-based parallelism. -
multiprocessing.connection
API for dealing with sockets. -
multiprocessing.dummy
Dumb wrapper around threading. -
multiprocessing.managers
Share data between process with shared objects. -
multiprocessing.pool
Create pools of processes. -
multiprocessing.shared_memory
Provides shared memory for direct access across processes. -
multiprocessing.sharedctypes
Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.
N
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netrc
Loading of .netrc files. -
nis
Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library. -
nntplib
NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). -
numbers
Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).
O
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operator
Functions corresponding to the standard operators. -
optparse
Command-line option parsing library. -
os
Miscellaneous operating system interfaces. -
os.path
Operations on pathnames. -
ossaudiodev
Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.
P
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pathlib
Object-oriented filesystem paths -
pdb
The Python debugger for interactive interpreters. -
pickle
Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back. -
pickletools
Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions. -
pipes
A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines. -
pkgutil
Utilities for the import system. -
platform
Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible. -
plistlib
Generate and parse Apple plist files. -
poplib
POP3 protocol client (requires sockets). -
posix
The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). -
pprint
Data pretty printer. -
profile
Python source profiler. -
pstats
Statistics object for use with the profiler. -
pty
Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix. -
pwd
The password database (getpwnam() and friends). -
py_compile
Generate byte-code files from Python source files. -
pyclbr
Supports information extraction for a Python module browser. -
pydoc
Documentation generator and online help system.
Q
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queue
A synchronized queue class. -
quopri
Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.
R
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random
Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions. -
re
Regular expression operations. -
readline
GNU readline support for Python. -
reprlib
Alternate repr() implementation with size limits. -
resource
An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process. -
rlcompleter
Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library. -
runpy
Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.
S
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sched
General purpose event scheduler. -
secrets
Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets. -
select
Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams. -
selectors
High-level I/O multiplexing. -
shelve
Python object persistence. -
shlex
Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages. -
shutil
High-level file operations, including copying. -
signal
Set handlers for asynchronous events. -
site
Module responsible for site-specific configuration. -
smtpd
A SMTP server implementation in Python. -
smtplib
SMTP protocol client (requires sockets). -
sndhdr
Determine type of a sound file. -
socket
Low-level networking interface. -
socketserver
A framework for network servers. -
spwd
The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends). -
sqlite3
A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x. -
ssl
TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects -
stat
Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat(). -
statistics
Mathematical statistics functions -
string
Common string operations. -
stringprep
String preparation, as per RFC 3453 -
struct
Interpret bytes as packed binary data. -
subprocess
Subprocess management. -
sunau
Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format. -
symtable
Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables. -
sys
Access system-specific parameters and functions. -
sysconfig
Python's configuration information -
syslog
An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.
T
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tabnanny
Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree. -
tarfile
Read and write tar-format archive files. -
telnetlib
Telnet client class. -
tempfile
Generate temporary files and directories. -
termios
POSIX style tty control. -
test
Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python. -
test.support
Support for Python's regression test suite. -
test.support.bytecode_helper
Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation. -
test.support.import_helper
Support for import tests. -
test.support.os_helper
Support for os tests. -
test.support.script_helper
Support for Python's script execution tests. -
test.support.socket_helper
Support for socket tests. -
test.support.threading_helper
Support for threading tests. -
test.support.warnings_helper
Support for warnings tests. -
textwrap
Text wrapping and filling -
threading
Thread-based parallelism. -
time
Time access and conversions. -
timeit
Measure the execution time of small code snippets. -
tkinter
Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces -
tkinter.colorchooser
Color choosing dialog -
tkinter.commondialog
Tkinter base class for dialogs -
tkinter.dnd
Tkinter drag-and-drop interface -
tkinter.filedialog
Dialog classes for file selection -
tkinter.font
Tkinter font-wrapping class -
tkinter.messagebox
Various types of alert dialogs -
tkinter.scrolledtext
Text widget with a vertical scroll bar. -
tkinter.simpledialog
Simple dialog windows -
tkinter.tix
Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter -
tkinter.ttk
Tk themed widget set -
token
Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree. -
tokenize
Lexical scanner for Python source code. -
trace
Trace or track Python statement execution. -
traceback
Print or retrieve a stack traceback. -
tracemalloc
Trace memory allocations. -
tty
Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations. -
turtle
An educational framework for simple graphics applications -
turtledemo
A viewer for example turtle scripts -
types
Names for built-in types. -
typing
Support for type hints (see :pep:`484`).
U
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unicodedata
Access the Unicode Database. -
unittest
Unit testing framework for Python. -
unittest.mock
Mock object library. - urllib
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urllib.error
Exception classes raised by urllib.request. -
urllib.parse
Parse URLs into or assemble them from components. -
urllib.request
Extensible library for opening URLs. -
urllib.response
Response classes used by urllib. -
urllib.robotparser
Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs. -
uu
Encode and decode files in uuencode format. -
uuid
UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122
V
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venv
Creation of virtual environments.
W
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warnings
Issue warning messages and control their disposition. -
wave
Provide an interface to the WAV sound format. -
weakref
Support for weak references and weak dictionaries. -
webbrowser
Easy-to-use controller for web browsers. -
winreg
Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry. -
winsound
Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows. -
wsgiref
WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation. -
wsgiref.handlers
WSGI server/gateway base classes. -
wsgiref.headers
WSGI response header tools. -
wsgiref.simple_server
A simple WSGI HTTP server. -
wsgiref.util
WSGI environment utilities. -
wsgiref.validate
WSGI conformance checker.
X
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xdrlib
Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR). -
xml
Package containing XML processing modules -
xml.dom
Document Object Model API for Python. -
xml.dom.minidom
Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation. -
xml.dom.pulldom
Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events. -
xml.etree.ElementTree
Implementation of the ElementTree API. -
xml.parsers.expat
An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser. - xml.parsers.expat.errors
- xml.parsers.expat.model
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xml.sax
Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions. -
xml.sax.handler
Base classes for SAX event handlers. -
xml.sax.saxutils
Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX. -
xml.sax.xmlreader
Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement. -
xmlrpc.client
XML-RPC client access. -
xmlrpc.server
Basic XML-RPC server implementations.
Z
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zipapp
Manage executable Python zip archives -
zipfile
Read and write ZIP-format archive files. -
zipimport
Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives. -
zlib
Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip. -
zoneinfo
IANA time zone support